Diarchy

Kenneth Armitage (1916–2002)

Created 1957
Installed 1978

Bronze sculpture on stone base
Sculpture height: 68.5 in (173.99 cm)
Base height: 10 in (25.4 cm)

Located at Laird Bell Law Quadrangle
1111 E. 60th Street

Gift to The University of Chicago Law School by Mr. and Mrs. Dino D’Angelo

Kenneth Armitage often described his artistic process as the physical realization of his subconscious inclinations. He gave corporeal form to objects and images that his mind fixated on, and then combined and rearranged them into new entities. Diarchy draws on a myriad of Armitage’s memories, resulting in a sculpture that simultaneously resembles a pair of seated figures, a single wall–like mass, and a collection of alien appendages. The work’s amalgamation of familiar bodily components into an unfamiliar configuration calls on its viewers to consider the paradoxical nature of the human memory—immediately accessible, yet highly selective and incomplete.

Diarchy was donated to the University of Chicago Law School by Mr. and Mrs. Dino D’Angelo. Installed in the Laird Bell Quadrangle in 1978, it is one of two bronze casts, the other of which is in London’s Tate Britain museum. The name Diarchy, meaning rule by two individuals, was not bestowed by Armitage, but by Gerald Forty of the British Council, an international culture organization. Forty must have thought the seated figures appeared regal. Armitage was uninterested in reading the work’s figures as royal, but he did not know what to call the piece and judged Forty’s name suitable. Before making its way to the D’Angelos, the work was shown in an Armitage solo exhibition at the 1958 Venice Bienniale, alongside the similar three-figured piece Triarchy.

Diarchy emerged from a period in Armitage’s career (beginning with 1949’s Linked Figures) when the artist produced many sculptures featuring human forms connected by a flattened, bulky mass. He first became intrigued by the idea of joined anatomies during his time at the Slade School of Fine Arts, where he observed other artists working with terra cotta. When these artists molded multiple human forms, they would often place small nonrepresentational bridges of material between the figures to give them added support. Later, Armitage served as an analyzer of aerial reconnaissance imagery for the British armed forces during WWII. The way three–dimensional structures and aircrafts collapsed into two dimensions in overhead photos captured his imagination. Armitage’s post–war work, including Diarchy, fused these experiences. In the 1950s, he became known for sculpture that was comprised of connected figures and that challenged its own three–dimensionality by introducing a large planar element.

Like much of Armitage’s figural sculpture, Diarchy explores the tension between the concepts of single and multiple. The work’s two “head” forms, its breasts, and its legs are placed approximately where one would expect to find them in relation to each other, lending themselves to the interpretation of the sculpture as two figures. However, the size disparities between the limbs, the left figure’s lack of arms, and the compounding of the forms into one mass give the sculpture a numerical ambiguity. The impression of two distinct figures is undermined by the sense that the sculpture’s appendages might have been borrowed from any number of individuals and attached to this monolithic screen. It becomes unclear whether the representation is single, double, or indefinitely multiple. The wall–like screen extends this ambiguity of numbers to an ambiguity of dimensions. This screen divides the work into two sides, subverting the three–dimensional nature of sculpture. Yet it also extends the sculpture’s three–dimensionality by providing a plane from which the figural elements can jut forward into space.

The grassy alcove where Diarchy is sited is a calm space, removed from busy pedestrian thoroughfares and equipped with benches where one might retreat on a nice day. In this context, the sculpture’s seated figures are imbued with a modest presence. They sit quietly, inhabiting the space in the same unobtrusive way other visitors to the alcove might. The work is dwarfed by its surroundings—the glass facade of the D’Angelo Law Library, the stone towers of Burton–Judson Courts, and the gleaming Construction in Space and in the Third and Fourth Dimensions (by far the more prominent piece of public art in the quadrangle). However, it is precisely because it is upstaged that Diarchy is able to operate on a human scale, despite it being slightly larger than life. In a more well–traveled or private context, the sculpture’s static front–facing figures might read as ominous or threatening; but in this tranquil public locale, their stationary activity is not so different from that of any other visitor to the quadrangle. Here, they can simply share the space. Here, they can engage viewers through curiosity instead of confrontation. Diarchy walks the line between figural representation and a strange hybrid memory.

The piece’s outdoor siting does not come without challenges. By 2011, the sculpture’s surface had become corroded from exposure, and its bronze coloring had turned green and brown. The work was taken off–site for conservation in 2013 concurrently with a landscaping revamp of the Laird Bell Quadrangle. During this time, its surface was repaired and its coloration restored to match that of the companion work at the Tate. It was also coated in an Incralac material to help protect it from graffiti and the elements. The sculpture was returned to its original site and placed upon its same granite base, but the patch of grass it once occupied had been transformed into a floral bed. In addition, a new gravel path had been installed, which would be the closest pedestrian walkway to the piece, so the piece was rotated ninety degrees from its original position to face the new path. Positioned in this space of retreat and contemplation, Diarchy offers visitors the chance to contemplate their own cognition and memory.

Artist profile

William Kenneth Armitage

(British, 1916-2002)

Biography

Sculptor Kenneth Armitage was born in Yorkshire on July 18, 1916. He studied sculpting at the Leeds College of Art and the Slade School of Fine Art in London. Following his time at Slade, Armitage was meant to have a travelling scholarship from Leeds, but was prevented by the precarious European political situation of the late 1930s. Jobless and not wishing to be a burden on his parents, Armitage volunteered for the armed forces at the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

After the war, he accepted a position at the Bath School of Art. In 1952, he became internationally famous when his work was featured at the 26th Venice Biennale—he calls this breakthrough “the beginning of [his] professional life.” Armitage went on to an illustrious sculpting and teaching career, including professorships in West Germany, Venezuela, and the United States. He was awarded a C.B.E. (Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire) in 1969, an honor given in recognition of significant contributions to the arts and sciences.

Armitage’s sculpture—often bronze or brass—is expressionistic, figural, and abstract. The anthropomorphic figures in his pieces are often conglomerated into a larger mass, blurring the division between the organic and the inorganic, the single and the multiple. His 1957 piece, Diarchy, is located in the Laird Bell Law Quadrangle

Archival Materials

1979 gift document for Diarchy

Source: LUNA Library, UChicago Public Art Collection and Archive

Sources

Diarchy, 1957, entry in The Tate Gallery Report 1970–1972, London 1972

Woollcombe, Tamsyn (editor). Kenneth Armitage: Life and Work. London: Lund Humphries Publishers, 1997

Conservation of Sculpture and Objects Studio, Inc. 13 September, 2011 condition report for Diarchy

Diarchy

Kenneth Armitage (1916–2002)

Created 1957
Installed 1978

Read more

Artist profile

William Kenneth Armitage

Biography

Archival Materials

Sources

Further Reading

Diarchy

Kenneth Armitage (1916–2002)

Created 1957Installed 1978

Read more

Artist profile

William Kenneth Armitage

Biography

Archival Materials

Sources

Further Reading

Created 1957
Installed 1978